The Heirs of Sinan

After the death of Nurbanu Sultan in 1583 (see previous page), it was the turn of another woman of Venetian origin to influence the government of Sultan Murat III: his wife Safiye (the pure one) Sultan. She was a relative of Nurbanu Sultan; she often acted through a Jewish woman who was allowed to have an active life outside the harem. Maybe for this reason 2006 Nobel Prize for Literature Orhan Pamuk had a smart Jewish woman as a main character in his novel My Name is Red which takes place during the reign of Sultan Murat III.

Cerrah Pacha Camii (1593): (left) dome; (right) entrance

Cerrah Pacha Camii was Grand Vizier for a short period in 1598, but the mosque on the seventh hill which is named after him was built a few years earlier. It was designed by Davut Aga, Mimar Sinan's successor as Chief Architect. It commands an extensive view over the Marmara Sea (see photo in the introductory page). Cerrah means surgeon and the Pacha was given this title when he performed the future Sultan Mehmet III's circumcision.

(left) Ivaz Efendi Camii; (right) the nearby cemetery
This mosque was built on the abandoned site of Blachernae, the Byzantine imperial palace; its minaret can be seen above two thick towers which strengthened the walls of Constantinople at that location. Ivaz Efendi was a kazasker, a military judge, probably the highest official of that branch of the Ottoman judiciary system. Its design is popularly attributed to Sinan, but the mosque is not mentioned in Tezkeret-ul Ebniye, the list of Sinan's works drawn up by one of his friends and thought to be very reliable. The use of bricks and white stones shows continuity with the Byzantine tradition.

Koca Sinan Pacha Kulliyesi (1595): (left) sebil and turbe; (right) cemetery and turbe
Koca Sinan Pacha is best known for having been Grand Vizier five times; this is an indication that the Sultans were no longer executing their grand viziers when they grew dissatisfied with them. He built a small kulliye of which by far the most imposing building is his own turbe. It is a fine work by Davut Aga.

(left) Gazanfer Aga Medresesi (1599); (centre) Gazanfer Aga Turbesi; (right) Cinili Hammam (ca. 1546)
The reign of Sultan Mehmet III began with the murder of his nineteen brothers and stepbrothers. A crowd of mourners twice the size of that which had come out for the funeral of Murat III appeared the next day for the funeral of his nineteen sons; the Venetian ambassador reported that before their execution they had been brought before the new sultan shortly after his arrival in the palace:
"They say that the eldest, a most beautiful lad beloved by all, when he kissed the Sultan's hand, exclaimed: - My Lord and brother, now to me as my father, let not my days be ended thus in this my tender age.
The Sultan tore his beard in a sign of grief, but remained silent. They were all strangled, all nineteen."
Gazanfer Aga was the Head of the White Eunuchs; he was of Venetian origin and had been captured when he was a boy; he became a servant of the future sultan Selim II who convinced him to become an eunuch. With the favour of Nurbanu and Safiye Sultan he became one of the most influential persons in the government. He served three sultans, but in 1603 Mehmet III had to face an almost open rebellion of the highest ranks of the army; they accused Gazanfer of ill advising the sultan and Mehmet eventually was forced to sacrifice Gazanfer, who was murdered before his very eyes. Gazanfer was the last of the White Eunuchs to be the chief of the Harem; Sultan Mehmet III gave this role to a Black Eunuch; the difference did not lie just in the colour of the skin; the emasculation of white eunuchs was limited to testicles, whereas that of black eunuchs included also the penis; there had been rumours that white eunuchs were able to have sexual intercourse with the concubines.
Gazanfer Aga built a small medrese and his own turbe near the Aqueduct of Valens and at a short distance from a small hammam designed by Mimar Sinan.

Yeni (Valide) Camii (1597-1663) and in the background Suleymaniye Camii
In 1597 Safiye Sultan who had the title of Valide (Mother of the Sovereign) started the construction of a large complex opposite Galata. She was called Yeni (new) Valide to distinguish her from Nurbanu Sultan, her mother-in-law, the Atik (old) Valide. The complex was designed by Davut Aga, but the death of the architect in 1599 slowed the pace of the construction. In 1600 work was suspended because Safiye Sultan's charitable expenses came under scrutiny; in 1603 Sultan Mehmet III died and Safiye Sultan was deprived of her role at the Ottoman court and was unable to finance any longer her mosque. Finally in 1606 Sultan Ahmet I decided to build a very large kulliye and the construction of Yeni Valide Camii was suspended.

Sultan Ahmet Kulliyesi (1606-17)
Ahmet I was only thirteen when he became sultan. For once the new ruler did not kill his brothers and did not follow the advice of his mother. He was very religious and he tried to enforce Islamic laws and traditions.
From a political viewpoint his reign saw the end of the Ottoman expansion in Hungary and in the Caucasus.

Sultan Ahmet Camii: (left) dome (seen from Hagia Sophia); (right) entrance
One of the reasons which had slowed the construction of Yeni Valide Camii was the fact that it was built in an area which was heavily populated; this meant the eviction of the inhabitants and their relocation in a new neighbourhood, a lengthy and expensive process.
For this reason Ahmet chose to build his kulliye on the ruins of ancient buildings and in part of the Hippodrome.

Sultan Ahmet Camii: (left) eastern view; (right) detail of a minaret
The initiative of the sultan was criticized by those who should have favoured it: the ulema (Muslim theologians). They declared that the erection of six minarets, two more than in the Great Mosque of Mecca, was a violation of a religious rule. They also said that pious foundations should be established by a sultan only with the revenue/booty gained in war against the Infidels and Ahmet did not win any such wars.

W. H. Bartlett: courtyard of Sultan Ahmet Camii
The mosque is usually known as the Blue Mosque due to the prevailing colour of the tiles which decorate its interior. It was designed by Mehmet Aga, who had worked with Mimar Sinan. Sultan Ahmet Kulliye is regarded as the last great mosque of Classic Ottoman architecture.

(left) Sultan Ahmet Camii gallery; (right) Sultan Ahmet Turbesi
Sultan Ahmet continuously controlled the speed of the construction which was completed in 1616; the next year he died of typhus at the age of 27, so that his reign was entirely devoted to the construction of his mosque.

Yeni Cami (left) and Hagia Sophia (right)
The construction of Yeni Cami was resumed only in 1661 by Turhan Sultan, another Valide; she was the mother of Sultan Mehmet IV who ascended the throne in 1648 at the age of seven. She did not become Valide Sultan immediately because this role was retained by the previous Valide (Kosem Sultan). The two women plotted against each other and eventually Kosem Sultan was strangled with a curtain.

Yeni Cami: (left) dome and minaret; (right) courtyard
Turhan Sultan became the tutor of the child sultan after the death of her mother-in-law. It was a difficult period for the Ottoman Empire; the War of Candia turned sour for the Ottomans when the Venetians managed to block the Dardanelles and therefore prevented vital supplies reaching Constantinople. Turhan Sultan was forced to transfer her power to the Grand Vizier and to dedicate herself to pious foundations.

Yeni Cami Sebil
The complex was completed with an elegant sebil; this word means "way/path" and the construction of a sebil eased the way to Paradise for its founder. At a sebil passers-by were given glasses of water through ornate bronze grills: most of them have been converted into kiosks selling newspapers, cigarettes and candies; the sebil of Yeni Cami is one of the few which retains its original purpose.

Introduction to this section
Roman Memories
Hagia Sophia
Byzantine Heritage (before 1204)
St. Saviour in Chora
Byzantine Heritage (after 1204)
First Ottoman Buildings
The Golden Century: I - from Sultan Selim to Sinan's Early Works
The Golden Century: II - The Age of Suleyman
The Golden Century: III - Suleymaniye Kulliye
The Golden Century: IV - Sinan's Last Works
Towards the Tulip Era
Baroque Istanbul
The End of the Ottoman Empire
Topkapi Sarayi
The Princes' Islands
Map of Istanbul

Other sections dealing with Constantinople/Istanbul:
The Walls of Nova Roma
Galata