Old Bulgar words preserved in the modern Bulgarian language: G - D - E

G.
 

Modern Bulgarian	Eastern analogies		Cluster_user's ottoman parallels
GAVANKA (GAVANA) – a wooden bowl	Compare to the Persian GAWAM (‘a form, a moulded vessel’) and the Mundzhani GWIJA [AG, 305]  Also with the Chechen GEVENK (‘a wooden bowl’) [ChRS]	Mundzhani	ital. gavagno (< late lat. * cavaneus < lat. cavus)       > turk. kavanoz (dial. gavana)       > romanian ga~van , ga~vanos   thus  ital. or late lat. > greek > slavic, turkish, romanian.
		Chechen
GAVRA – a mockery, a gibe	Compare to the Persian and Pamirian GAWR (‘a pagan, godless man’) [AG, 299], from which comes GAWRA (‘godlessness, blasphemy’)	Mundzhani	greek gauros, gaurw ga:vur is a vulgar persification of `ar. ka:fir (infidel) found in turkish as well.
GAGO –one’s sister’s husband (in the district of Botevgrad)	KAKO (‘uncle’) [RPDS, 207]  Compare also to the Eastern Caucasian GAGA (‘uncle’)	Pamirian
		Eastern Caucasian
GADZHAL – a dialectal name for the Turks.	In the Caucasus the Turks had been called since long ago GAZALO, MOGUL and SOMAL (in Georgia, Dagestan), and TACHIK (in Armenia)		gypsy ga*dj*o "foreigner"
GAZHD – dirty (dial.)	GAZHD (‘dirty’) – in Pashto, Jazguljami, Sarikoli, etc. [SRS, 68; GASK, 351]	Pashto, Jazguljami, Sarikoli
GAZJA – to wade; to trample	GAZAR (‘a ford’) [GASK, 351]	Wakhi
GAJDA – a bagpipe	Compare to the Sanskrit GAI (‘to sing’) from which is the Pamirian GAJDA (‘a song, a harmony’)		turk. gayda < spanish gaita < germanic ?
GALATSKI – filthy, poisonous (dial.). In the expression "ne pijte khora taz voda – taz voda j voda galatska".	GALAT (‘filthy, bad’) [RPDS, 442]  Also the Eastern Caucasian GALAT with the same meaning	Pamirian	turk. galat "mistake" < ar. g~alaT  the modern words are all loans from arabic, even though the word might ultimatley have iranian origins.
		Eastern Caucasian
GALE – a buffalo-calf (dial.)	Compare to the Eastern Caucasian KKAL [LRS, 21-23] and the Persian KAL – ‘buffalo-calf’. The ending –E is same as in the old Bulgar words KUCHE (‘a dog’) and VZHE (‘a rope’)	Lezgin
GAF – a blunder, a break	GAF (‘a confusion, a jumble’) [ARS]	Pashto	french gaffe turk. gaf
GACAM – to play (for children)	GACH (‘to outwit’) [GASK, 347]	Wakhi
GASHTI – drawers, pants	GJACHO (‘a trouser leg’) [SH, 95]	Eastern Caucasian
GASHTNIK – a bad-mannered man, a boor	GASH (‘a quarrel, a row’)  GASH (‘to smack, to eat in an ill-mannered way’) [GASK, 351]	Wakhi
GEGA – a shepherd’s crook (with a hook a the end)	GJAKA, GEKA (‘a hook’) [LRS, 97]	Lezgin	prob. turk gaga (apparently dial. gege) "beak" < ? `ar. qa`qa`  ("to crow" non-literary loan)  also an alternative romanian etymology.
GENGERLICI – a waste/barren land; wilds. In the expression ‘Kde hodish iz gengerlicite?!’ (Dobrudzha).	Compare to the Eastern Caucasian GENG (‘broad, wide’), from which – GENGER (‘expanses, space’) [LRS, 85], and also GENER (‘yards, squares’)	Lezgin	turkic root ge*ng*= wide, breadth.
GERDE – a round cloth decoration , made of a woollen braid with strung up coins (Western Bulgaria)	Compare to the common Pamirian stem GERD (‘round, bent’) [IJa, 201; AG, 301]  Also GERDAJ (GERDE) (‘a round object’) in Pashto.	Ishkashimi, Mundzhani	turk. girde "round object", "an obligatory decoration for jews"  (ott. ) < pers. girde or turk. gerdan < pers. gerden
GERDEL – a type of a large container, vessel (in the district of Sliven)	Compare to GERDE above.		turk. gerdel (bucket) < greek kardari (bowl), lat. caldaria (cauldron) mod. greek gerdeli (bucket) `ar. gardal (egypt), cardal  tietze
GERENIDA – a forest grass, which is collected in the spring and is eaten fresh (Strandzha)	GEREMIN (GHERAYMIN) (‘earthen, growing on the earth’) [AG, 305]	Mundzhani
GERKA – earthenware (in the district of Samokov)	GHERAI (‘clay’, noun) [AG, 305]	Mundzhani
GIZHA – a vine-twig, a vine-plant	GJZO (‘a bud, a budded plant’) [SRS, 71]  GIZD (‘to grow, to blossom’) [GASK, 347]	Sarikoli, Wakhi
GIZDJA SE – to adorn o.s., to trick o.s. out	Compare to GIZD (‘to blossom’) and GJZO (‘a bud’) above. It shows that initially GIZDJA SE meant ‘to adorn with flowers’.
GIZDAV – bonny, pretty	See GIZDJA SE above.
GIZMODUL – a scent, a perfume (in the district of Primorsko)	Most probably the initial meaning was ‘a coloured fluid’, ‘a fluid with a smell of flowers’ – From the Pamirian MOD (‘fluid’) [SRS, 103] and the stem GIZ (see above).	Sarikoli
GIRZHA – to level, to make flat (in the Khaskovo district)	Compare to the Pamirian GIRZH (‘a weight; ramming; a device for levelling the ground’)	Pamirian
GLECH – a glaze, a varnish	GLEC (‘a glaze, a gilt’) [ARS]	Pashto
GLOBA – a fine, a penalty	Compare to the Middle Persian GLOB (‘a pledge, a pawn’) [SIJa, 70] and the Georgian GLOBA (‘a levy’) [TG, 66]
GOVEDO – an animal, a brute; a cattle	GOW, GAU (‘a cow’) [RPDS, 304; TRS, 286]  GOVET (‘a herd of cows’)	Pamirian
		Talish
GOLOPAR – in the expression "gol-golopar" ("completely naked") (in the districts of Razlog, Dedeagach)	Unexplained up to now. From the Pamirian stem PAR (‘the thick parts of the legs, bottom’) in the Sarikoli PARIT, Mundzhani PRA [SRS; AG, 341]  Therefore, the expression "gol-golopar" literally means "with naked bottom".	Sarikoli, Mundzhani
GOPTAL – a fist (in the district of Gorno Orjahovo)	Unexplained. Derived most probably from the Sanscrit GUPT (‘to fight’)
GREZDEJ – a bung, a peg	The only close analogy is the Pamirian GAREZN (‘stopper, plug’) [SRS, 64]	Sarikoli
GRCMUL – Adam’s apple	From the Pamirian GRC (‘a throat’) [DE, 101] + MUL, MUN (‘a lump; an apple’). The second word is similar to the Sanskrit MULA (‘a lump, a knot’).	Jazguljami
GUGUTKA, GURGULICA, GUGUSCHUK – a turtle-dove	GUGSHTUKA, GURGURAKA (‘wild doves’) [ARS]  GUGU; GURK, KHURK; GURGURAJ in the Eastern Caucasus [SH, 15]	Pashto
		Eastern Caucasian
GUDJA – to put, to shove	GUT (‘to shove, to sink’) [GASK, 352]	Wakhi	prob. turk. gu"t= to drive, to shove (i.e. animals), to pasture
GUZEN – a coot (dial.)	GUZ (‘a river meadow’), GUZIN (‘a lake, a swamp’) [SRS, 65]	Sarikoli
GUZEN – guilty, shame-faced. In the expression ‘Guzen negonen bjaga’.	The stem GUZ hints that the initial meaning of GUZEN must have been ‘sunk man, man with dirty feet’. The closet analogy, however, is the Adig GUZHEEN (‘confused, embarrassed’) [ASh, 116]	Pamirian
GURVO – the outlet of a spring (in the district of Lovech)	GHURWO (‘a throat, an opening’) [AG, 305]	Mundzhani
GUREL – a rheum	GURA (‘filth, pus’) [GASK, 353] and the Eastern Caucasian GURA with the same meaning [LRS, 95]	Wakhi
		Lezgin
GURIDA – unripe grapes (in the district of Khaskovo)	GURA (‘unripe grapes’) [AG, 304]	Mundzhani
GUTER – a hamster	From the Pamirian stem GUT (‘to shove’)	Pamirian
GUCA – a swine (dial.), GUCE – a piglet	Compare to the Pashto GUCKAJ (‘an animal’) and the Georgian GOCI (‘a pig, a hog’)	Pashto
GUSHA – a neck	GUSH (‘a neck’) [DE, 107]  Also the Persian GOZHAR	Jazguljami
GDEL – a tickle	GELGECH (‘to tickle’) [GASK, 349]  GDGLE (‘ a tickle’) [TRS, 320]	Wakhi	turk. gIdIkla= (gIdIk + la with denominal suffix) to tickle.
		Talish
GTNA – to tumble down; to drop down dead	GATKUN (‘to collect fruits from a tree’) [LRS, 83]	Lezgin
GJUBRE – dung, manure (Western Bulgaria)	GIMRE (‘sheep’s dung’) [LRS, 87]	Lezgin	turk. gu"bre (manure) < greek kopria (nikos sarantakos)
GJA! GJA! – a driving call to horses	Compare to the Eastern Caucasian GJAJ! (‘a driving call to horses’) [LRS, 97]	Lezgin

 
 
D.
 

Modern Bulgarian	Eastern analogies		Cluster_user's ottoman parallels
DADA, DEDA – an older sister (in the districts of Veles, Breznik, etc.)	Compare to the Talish DODO (‘a sister’) and the Georgian DA (‘a sister’) and DEDA (‘ a mother’)	Talish
DAMA – draughts (a game)	Compare to the Persian and Eastern Caucasian TAMA, and the Talish DAMKA [TRS, 319]	Eastern Caucasian	turk. dama < it. dame, french damme
		Talish
DAMLE – horse races at Todorovden	Compare to the Pamirian/Persian DAM (‘a game, an entertainment’), and the Talish verb DAME (‘to come, to arrive’)  In Talish as in modern Bulgarian the suffix –LE is diminutive, Therefore DAMLE meant "little entertainment".	Pamirian	persian DAM < french damme (i.e. non sequitur)  interestingly dobrev didn't mention perisan da:m = "livestock"
		Talish
DEBNA – to stalk, to lie in wait	TEBNA (‘to stalk’) [ChRS, 396]  Compare also to the Sanskrit DABHNOTI (‘to harm, to deceive’)	Chechen
DENK – a bundle, a pack	Compare to the Pamirian DJNG (‘large, thick’) [ARS, 262]	Pashto	turk. denk (anat. a pack on the side of an animal) < pers. deng (a pack) < turkic te*ng*, *de*ng* (even, in equilibrium) < ? old chinese (this rejected by clauson)  $. sami (lists the meaning "equilibrium" as metaphorical) the neoligism in turk. is based on the old turkic usage.
DZHAMAL – a type of folk game	Compare to the Pamirian DZHAMALDAR (‘a leader’)	Pamirian	bulg. sources (bulgarian etym. dict.) say this is from a turk. colloquial "camal" (litt. cemel) < `ar. camal "camel". cemeldar < cemel "camel" + "owner" (possibly caravan leader)
DZHAMACHE – unclear word. In the expression ‘Bjagaj, sestro koshuto, trima ljude dzhamache ni gonjat! Sha ni stignat da ni utepat!" (in the district of Chepino) ("Run, my sister doe, three men dzhamache are after us! They will reach us and will kill us!")	Compare to the Pamirian DZHAM (‘a task, a king’s order’) [GASK, 319] and thus ZHAMACH would mean ‘somebody sent by order, a chaser’. Closer, however, is JAMAK (‘a bow-string’) [GASK, 360], thus DZHAMACHE probably meant ‘archers’.	Wakhi
DZHANGOLOZ – a forest ghost	DZHANGAL (‘a forest’) [ARS, 179, 211]	Pashto	cengel (somewhat litterary) forest < persian cengel
DZHANTA – a wheel rim	Compare to the Pashto DZHANTA [ARS, MGA]. Also to the Dardic DZHANAL (‘a frame, a supporter’)	Pashto	turk. jant (dial. cant) < french jante
		Dardic
DZHAPAM – to wade, to splash	DZHAPAN (‘to drift’) [RPDS, 387]	Pamirian
DZHARAN – a keg for churning milk (Dobroslavci, Sofia district)	DZHJR (‘curds’) [TRS, 255]	Talish
DZHASKAM – to throw	DZHAZ-AVJL (‘to throw’) [ARS, 175]	Pashto
DZHVORNEM – to hit (Western Bulgaria)	Close to the Pamirian DZHJG (‘a core, a bone’) [ARS, 255]	Pashto
DZHEGALKA – a shuttle of a loom	Compare to the Talish DZHGLE (‘a part of an instrument, piece’) [TRS, 255], also to the Talish DZAVANE (‘an addition’) The Mundzhani CWANA (‘a type of pitchfork’)	Talish
		Mundzhani
DZHEZVE – a coffee-pot	The oldest analogy is the Abazin word DZHJZVGA (‘a mug, a cup’) [RAS, 204]	Eastern Caucasian	turk. cevze, in ottoman sometimes spelled ce*dh*ve, < `ar. ca*dhwa(t) "ember"
DZHELJU – a folk tradition when women walk in the fields	DZAL (‘walking’) [ARS, 173]	Pashto
DZHIDZH – a type of shepherd’s bucket	DZHIDZH (‘to churn milk’) [ARS, 270]	Pashto
DZHIDZHEN – beautiful	DZHIDZHE (‘beautiful’) [DIE, 229]	Dardic	turk. cici (good, child's lang.) < ? (b. etym. dict.)
DZHODZHEN – mint, pennyroyal	DZHDZHN in Ossetian
DZHONKA – a beak	DZHONA (‘a beak’) [ARS, 1970, MGA], also found in the Eastern Caucasus	Pashto
		Eastern Caucasian
DZHOP – a big stick (in the district of Stara Zagora, etc.) In expressions such as "Udari mu edin dzhop!"	From the Pamirian CHOB (‘a club, a cudgel’) [RPDS, 444]	Pamirian	turk. cop (< chop) "cudgle", in common with persian
DZHUGA – a ring around cart’s axle	Unclear word according to the Bulgarian etymological dictionary [BER, I]. However, in the Pamirs it has direct parallels – DZHUG (‘tie, coupling; yoke’) [AG, GASK, ARS, MGA, IJa, etc.]	Pamirian
DZHUDZHE – a dwarf	Compare to the Eastern Caucasian DZHUDZHA (‘a small bird’) and the Pamirian CHUCHA (‘small’) in the expression CHUCHA SAG (‘small dog’)	Eastern Caucasian
		Pamirian
DZHUKA – a mouth (vulgar)	Close to DZHUKA (‘something bent, a bend’) [ARS, 1970]	Pashto
DZHURA – a bagpipe	Compare to the Pamirian JUR (‘to tune a musical instrument’) [GASK, 364]	Pamirian	This exists in Greek as a loanword (Nikos Sarantakos).  turk. cura (a small wind or string instrument) < pers. curre (a musical instrument; of medium height etc.)
DZHAVANA – pruning-shears	DZAJVJNA (‘to shove, to put inside’) [ARS, 213]	Pashto
DZVAR – to bring down	DZVAR (‘bad’) [ARS, 211]	Pashto
DZIFT – a pitch, bitumen	DZHUFT (‘a thick substance’) [LRS, 123]	Lezgin	turk. zift < `ar. zift
DOBA – time	DOJA, DAJA (‘time’) [RPDS, 389; GASK, 334; etc.]	Pashto, Wakhi
DOJKA – a wet-nurse	The Bulgarian etymological dictionary [BER] correctly connected it with DOJA (‘to suckle; to milk’), without providing, however, any direct parallels from other l-s. The only group of peoples who have a similar word is the Pamirian, where it sounds as DO*J*A, DA*J*A [RPDS, 389; GASK, 334, etc.]	Pamirian
DOSTA – enough; much	DOKKKHA (‘much’) [ChRS, 78-81]	Chechen
DRAS – a big, tall man. In the expression "goljam dras" (Dobrudzha and elsewhere).	DRAZ (‘long’) [RPDS, 191]	Pamirian
DREKHA – garment, article of clothing	DRESH (‘clothes’) [ARS, MGS, etc.]	Pashto
DRUSAM – to shake; to bump	DRUSK (‘crude, rough’) [AG, 293]	Mundzhani
DRMBOJ – a type of musical folk instrument	TEREM (‘shepherd’s horn’) [GASK, 480]	Wakhi
DRPNA – to pull, to draw out	DRPN (‘to tear, to detach’) [GASK, 335]	Wakhi
DUDULA – a butterfly	DUDU (‘a butterfly’, literally ‘a small birdie’) [LRS, 114]	Lezgin
DVCHA – to chew, to munch	The closest analogy would be from the Ishakshimi stem DW (‘to repeat’)	Ishkashimi
DRT – old, broken down with age man	DERT (‘broken down, ruined’) [TRS, 79]	Talish

 
E.
 

Modern Bulgarian	Eastern analogies		Cluster_user's ottoman parallels
ENE – here is, there, this, etc. (dial.) (in the districts of Samokov, Trn, Prilep, etc.)	YANI (‘here is, there’) [IJa, 251], YEN (‘this, so much’) [AG, 388]  ANE (‘here is, there’) [TRS, 274]	Ishkashimi, Mundzhani
		Talish
ERCHA SE	Compare to the Eastern Caucasian ERCHI (‘to stand up’) [EB, 81]	Eastern Caucasian

 
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